Dickens’ Nocturnal Wanderings:Walking and Obsession
As this is the 200th anniversary of Charles Dickens’ birth, a few months ago I read Claire Tomalin’s clear, extensive and insightful biography of Charles Dickens. In relation to crime-fiction, Dickens is thought by many to be the author of the first detective story with his novel Bleak House (1852-3), wherein the villainous lawyer Mr Tulkinghorn patiently works out Lady Deadlock’s scandalous secret and the story reaches its height, as Tomalin puts it, with ‘a three-suspect murder at the climax’ featuring one of the first police detectives in fiction, Inspector Bucket. Aside from expanding my understanding of the relentless energy with which Dickens pursued his craft, the stage, his charitable works and his mistress Nelly Ternan, as well as the unforgivable way he patronised, dismissed, and falsely blackened the reputation of his long-suffering wife (he did not go as far as his friend and fellow novelist Bulwer-Lytton and have his wife committed against her will to an insane asylum) one of the things that stood out to me was his compulsion for walking–sometimes 20 miles at a time and often in London or Paris at night.
Dickens’ walks seemed to have initially been taken out of necessity but grew into a form of voyeurism, an outlet for frustrations, a means of escaping family, and a way to spend time with his male friends. He began wandering the streets of London as a ten-year-old boy when his parents were unable to fund his schooling, and his independence grew when his father was imprisoned for debt, and twelve-year-old Dickens lived and worked apart from his family. Dickens observed the glories and trappings of late-Georgian and early Victorian London, and his writing reveals his fascination with all levels of society including the criminal underworld, jails and prostitution. Although some of his walks as a married man were idyllic rambles through his boyhood county of Kent, in Paris, he visited the morgue at sundown and walked the streets all night.
I am a great fan of walking, rambling, and generally viewing a city by foot, but the time and length of Dickens’ walks, seemed to go beyond enjoyment to compulsion or obsession. Parenthetically, Robert Frost’s poem, ‘Acquainted with the Night’ states that ‘time was neither wrong nor right’, but the idea that the night walker is largely apart from society (or good society) and in a largely voyeuristic role, seems to indicate something brooding and forbidden. Dickens taps into these ideas himself in his last completed novel, Our Mutual Friend (1864-5). The novel is divided into two love stories, although many prefer the John/Bella plot that harkens back to medieval or Shakespearean drama of disguise, I have always preferred the love triangle of the bored gentleman-barrister Eugene Wrayburn (who always puts me in mind of a fin de siècle Oscar Wilde character), the severely passionate schoolmaster Bradley Headstone, and the self-sacrificial boatman’s daughter Lizzie Hexam. Obsession is key to the story, and Lizzie becomes the object at which the two men’s separate meannesses unfold. Although they both ‘watch’ Lizzie, and try to cast it as watching over her, they become more and more entangled with each other. When Lizzie escapes London following Headstone’s forceful proposal and Wrayburn’s pursuit of what would result in her becoming his mistress, Wrayburn takes to walking the streets at night, taunting Headstone, whom he knows follows him in the absence of Lizzie. Below is a clip of the BBC’s version of the night walk from their 1998 adaptation of Our Mutual Friend.
It is another night walk that will drive Headstone, in his passion-for-Lizzie-cum-hatred- for-Wrayburn to attempt a murder.
Overrated / Underrated
More and more I find myself disagreeing with film and television critics. Usually because I think they have completely overrated a production and watching it has subsequently proved to be a letdown. However, there have been a number of times when it seems that the critics haven’t done justice to a good film or television drama. I think there are a number of reasons why a potentially misleading critical consensus might grow around a work. Firstly, if several critics write one thing about a film, then another critic with a different opinion might feel obliged to give the same opinions out of fear that his opinions must be wrong. Secondly, critics might be more interested in trends rather than quality, which leads to a wave of initial enthusiasm (as with the Twilight and Girl Who films), followed by a backlash in which several critics take their revenge. To be fair, a balanced review should identify the strengths and weaknesses of any production, as lavish praise or unremitting criticism can be boorish to read (although the latter often leads to some wickedly funny reviews such as Peter Bradshaw’s take on Disney flop John Carter).
In this post I will discuss briefly a television production which I found to overrated by critics and also a film which I consider to be underappreciated. This is just my opinion and it would be hypocritical of me to try to force it on you so please feel free to disagree and give some of your own overrated / underrated examples in the comment thread.
Overrated – The Wire
The Wire was given ‘the best television series ever made’ label some years ago, but I resisted watching it for the longest time as I thought to myself that another cop drama with ghetto gangsters couldn’t possibly be original and exciting. Then I finally saw the first season and realised what all the fuss was about. Creator and writer David Simon brilliantly brings to life Baltimore’s crime-ridden streets with finely-realised characters– from drug addicts to dope pushers, violent enforcers, drug kingpins, the police who chase them and the innocent families who get caught up in the crossfire. Another eye-opener was the complex relationship between the local politicians and the Baltimore police department which more often than not leads to bureaucratic nightmares and miscarriages of justice.
However, being labelled ‘the best television show ever made’ is bound to make The Wire seem overrated, and, like all shows, it suffers from several structural problems. One is an overdependence on montages, with all five seasons ending with a montage it feels like a repetitive, crude way of telling the story. Also, ironically for a show with such a high mortality rate, the writers seemed to have a sentimental attachment for characters who have outlived their dramatic usefulness. Finally, despite its reputation for realism, there are several scenes which depict police procedure and the court system which are unrealistic and would never happen in real life, such as in season five when a lawyer, who is the live-in partner of a judge, tries a case in her court. Sometimes this can be dramatically justified, but I wonder if any other police drama would have been allowed to get away with this so easily. I would recommend Season one and four as the best seasons, with season two easily being the worst and plain boring, and three and four well worth watching.
Below is a clip from one of my favourite scenes is Season one, where the Major Crimes Unit are closing in on the Drug Kingpin Avon Barksdale:
Underrated – U-Turn
Sean Penn plays Bobby, a drifter who gets stranded in the small town of Superior, Arizona, after his car breaks down. He is on his way to Vegas to pay off a gambling debt to a mobster who has already cut off two of his fingers. But then the money he’s carrying to pay off the debt gets shredded when Bobby is caught in the middle of drugstore heist cum shootout, and he finds himself caught in the strange town with no money, no car and no way out. Directed by Oliver Stone, U-Turn received mixed reviews and was even nominated for two Golden Raspberry awards, but to me it’s one of Stone’s greatest films. It’s a film of great storytelling as Stone has no political axe to grind. He deftly mixes several genres, displays real technical flair and evokes an atmosphere which is simultaneously claustrophic and ironically sprawling, as there are a multitude of strange characters in Superior. The film is a good twenty minutes too long and it is far from flawless. However, as U-Turn has several noir elements, perhaps this is the reason I like the film so much. In film noir an evocative milieu is arguably more important than the story itself, and U-Turn, with its many memorable and bizarre moments, lingers in the memory long after viewing.
One such moment below:
The Undershaw Alliance
As many readers will know, Arthur Conan Doyle’s former home, Undershaw, is in a state of disrepair, and under threat of being converted into apartments by its owner, Fosseway, a Virgin Islands registered property company. The Undershaw Alliance brings together two groups, Academics for Undershaw, and Crime Writers for Undershaw to campaign to save the house for the nation in its current form, and establish a Conan Doyle Museum and centre for British crime writing. The planning permission granted to Fossway is going to the High Court on 23 May, 2012. There is an alternative:
But what better or more appropriate place could there be for a Conan Doyle Museum and Centre for British and Irish Crime Writing, thus affirming its cultural value and Conan Doyle’s place in the literary heritage of Great Britain and Ireland, and beyond, open and accessible to the public all year round (including school visits), with a library, conference facilities, crime writing courses and a writer in residence?
Join the campaign here: Undershaw Alliance.
On Editing
I have a piece on The Rap Sheet in which I describe the aims and structure of Conversations with James Ellroy, as well as discuss what went in to putting the book together. Lots of people, myself included, want to write a novel; rather less I suspect want to edit an anthology. But if you are a writer or researcher interested in the process, or just a fan of James Ellroy, I hope you will find the piece interesting. You can it read it here.
I’ve been blogging a lot about James Ellroy recently. This has been to publicise Conversations with James Ellroy which I enjoyed writing about. However, next week I’m going to return to blogging about other crime fiction topics.
Lee Earle Ellroy – The Early Life of James Ellroy
Lee Earle Ellroy Mug Shot
Conversations with James Ellroy begins with a chronology which sets out the key dates and events in Ellroy’s life. It was my task as editor to compile this chronology. At first glance it did not seem particularly daunting as Ellroy has written two memoirs, several autobiographical essays and has discussed his life in hundreds, if not thousands of interviews. But the abundance of sources creates its own problems: there are contradictions regarding dates and places, making it apparent that some sources must contain inaccuracies that as an editor you don’t want to repeat. I also had to take into consideration that as a memoirist Ellroy tended to be vague regarding dates. I see two main reasons for this: firstly, in his early life Ellroy dropped out of high school, seldom held a job, went through periods of homelessness, struggled with alcohol and drug addictions, committed several crimes including burglary and shoplifting, and served short sentences at the Los Angeles County Jail. Given these circumstances, it is perhaps not surprising that there is a lack of documentation regarding Ellroy’s early life, and his own recollections are written in a fluid, stream of consciousness style. Secondly, Ellroy once conveyed to me that he was purposefully vague about dates, as he wanted to keep some things private. For an author who has bared so much of his soul over the course of his career it would be hard not to sympathise with his desire not to keep some elements of his life out of the public eye.
Many readers may not be aware that James Ellroy was not born with that name, but was named Lee Earle Ellroy after his father. It was a name he would come to despise feeling it sounded too much like Leroy, and this hatred of his own name typified the luckless, self-loathing man he was for much of his early life. The purpose of this article is to look at the first thirty-three years of Ellroy’s life, although I skip some events due to the constraints of limited space, my aim is to set out as accurately as possible a historical record of the often frightening and disturbing life of Lee Earle Ellroy.
Lee Earle Ellroy was born on March 4, 1948, in Los Angeles, California, the only son of Geneva “Jean” Odelia Ellroy (nee Hilliker) and Armand Lee Ellroy. Ellroy was born just over a year after the discovery of the mutilated corpse of Elizabeth Short on a vacant lot at 39th and Norton, Los Angeles, on January 15, 1947. Miss Short was dubbed ‘the Black Dahlia’ by the press, and her unsolved homicide would become one of the most enduring mysteries in Los Angeles history and a lifelong obsession for Ellroy, being the subject of perhaps his greatest work of fiction.
Ellroy’s memories of his parent’s marriage suggest a very unhappy union: they fought, drank too much and had affairs. In an interview with Nathaniel Rich, Ellroy said, ‘I don’t remember a single amicable moment between my parents other than this: my mother passing steaks out the kitchen window to my father so that he could put them on a barbecue.’ Ellroy’s parents divorced in 1954, and Jean retained primary custody of her son. The relationship between his parents would continue to be hostile, and young Ellroy often found himself caught in the middle of their disputes. In 1958 Jean and her son moved to a new home in El Monte, just outside Los Angeles. Although his mother had promised him a bigger, nicer house, young Ellroy was shocked at how small and dilapidated their new accommodation was. On June 22, 1958, the body of Geneva Hilliker Ellroy was found in the shrubs outside of Arroyo High School. She had been strangled to death. The police began a murder investigation, but the case was never solved. Young Ellroy had been with his father the weekend of his mother’s death. They had been to the cinema to watch The Vikings starring Kirk Douglas and Tony Curtis. When he arrived back at his mother’s house, he saw several police cars, and as he describes in his memoir My Dark Places, ‘A man took me aside and kneeled down to my level. He said, “Son, your mother’s been killed.”’
For his eleventh birthday on March 4, 1959, Ellroy’s father gave him two books, an anthology The Complete Sherlock Holmes and Jack Webb’s The Badge. The Badge contained a ten page synopsis on the Elizabeth Short murder case and Ellroy was immediately fascinated. He saw the parallels between the Elizabeth Short case and his mother’s unsolved murder, and grew a greater understanding of his mother as a result. Although he could not know it at the time, the unsolved homicide would become the subject of his seventh and arguably greatest novel The Black Dahlia (1987).
Ellroy’s formal education was hindered by his increasingly erratic behaviour. He attended John Burroughs Junior High School from 1959 to 1962 and then Fairfax High School from 1962. Fairfax High was predominantly Jewish and regardless of what his real views may have been, Ellroy would say and do almost anything to get attention. In his interview/article ‘Doctor Noir’ Martin Kihn records that ‘he [Ellroy] wrote a song criticizing American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell to impress a girl.’ However, he also engaged in outrageous acts of anti-semitism, joining the American Nazi Party, buying Nazi paraphernalia and singing the Horst Wessel song. In 1965, Ellroy was expelled from Fairfax High for fighting and truancy. Armand Ellroy’s health had been deteriorating for some time. On November 1, 1963, he suffered the first of several strokes. The young Ellroy became his father’s caregiver. Despite this, when he was expelled from school, Ellroy asked his father for permission to join the US Marines. Armand Ellroy refused, but he did allow Ellroy to join the regular army. Thus, in May 1965 Lee Earle Ellroy had a very brief period in the US Army stationed in Fort Polk, Louisiana, assigned to Company A, 2nd Battalion, 5th Training Unit. Ellroy was particularly unsuited to army life, Kihn describes his arrival:
While taking the Army oath, Ellroy realized he was making a big mistake. He started faking a nervous breakdown by stuttering, then tearing his clothes off and running naked through the Fort Polk, Louisiana, reception station.
Ellroy’s outrageous behaviour managed to convince an army psychiatrist to recommend an immediate discharge. Ellroy’s army career lasted less than a month; his father suffered another stroke and Ellroy flew back to LA to visit him in hospital. He died on June 4, 1965. Armand Ellroy’s last words to his son were ‘Try to pick up every waitress who serves about you.’ After his father’s death Ellroy’s life steadily fell apart. He seldom worked or had money. He cashed his father’s last three social security checks, and also received money from his mother’s insurance policy administered by his aunt in Wisconsin. He worked briefly for a psychic passing out handbills, and also found work in a pornographic bookstore, but was fired for stealing money from the till. 1966 to 1969 were some of the darkest years of Ellroy’s life; he went through periods of homelessness, sometimes sleeping in the parks in LA. He became an alcoholic, drinking copious amounts of scotch and Romilar CF cough syrup, and a substance abuser of amphetamines and Benzedrix inhalers. Voyeurism was Ellroy’s other all-consuming addiction. He would break into to the houses of young women who lived in the wealthy Hancock Park area of LA. His overriding purpose was sexual voyeurism, not burglary for money. He would search through the clothes drawers and sniff women’s panties. He would make himself a sandwich and pour a drink, before leaving the house and carefully covering his tracks. The Manson family murders in 1969 led to a paranoid atmosphere in LA and the arrival of several private security firms which patrolled Bel-Air and Hancock Park. The increased risk led Ellroy to stop breaking into houses. However, his list of petty crimes continued and led to a series of arrests and short term stints in the Los Angeles County Jail. Although he has given differing accounts as to the number of times he was arrested, Ellroy’s police record lists fourteen arrests between 1968 and 1973 for offences such as shoplifting and driving under the influence. Martin Kihn describes Ellroy’s first arrest as being quite dramatic, ‘someone reported having seen Ellroy sneaking into a deserted house, and a team of L.A. cops barged in with shotguns and arrested him.’
Between 1975 and 1977 Ellroy’s health was in a dangerously poor condition; he suffered two bouts of pneumonia and almost died of a lung abscess. He also had a nervous breakdown and was diagnosed with the rare condition post-alcoholic brain syndrome. These health scares persuaded Ellroy to clean up for good. He entered Alcoholics Anonymous and quit drinking. In 1977 he began working as a caddy at the Hillcrest Country Club but was quickly sacked after fighting with a fellow caddy. He then began a slightly longer tenure at the Bel-Air Country Club, and it would be caddying that provided the inspiration for his first novel. One of the less dramatic features of the life of Lee Earle Ellroy was his growing love of crime fiction, which began as a child. He started off reading the Hardy Boys and Nero Wolfe novels, later graduating to Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, Mickey Spillane, Ross Macdonald and Joseph Wambaugh. Even during his periods of homelessness, Ellroy devoured crime fiction, often sitting in a library for hours reading through detective novels and drinking scotch. Crime fiction would be the subject of his first novel, Brown’s Requiem, (Ellroy’s preferred title was ‘Concerto for Orchestra’ but this was later changed at his publisher’s insistence). In the novel, the protagonist Fritz Brown is an ex-cop, repo-man and low-rent private eye. Ellroy has described the novel as autobiographical:
Here’s a guy who looks exactly like me, has a German-American background, likes classical music, came from my old neighborhood, gets involved with a bunch of caddies. All that’s me.
Writing the novel was a challenge, as Ellroy described in an interview with Fleming Meeks, it began with a prayer on the grounds of the Bel-Air Country Club on January 26, 1979,
‘God,’ I said, ‘would you please let me start this fucking book tonight?’ And I’ve been at it ever since.”
Ellroy did not own a typewriter and the novel was handwritten. His writing sessions were often conducted on a bench at the Bel-Air, or in the caddyshack while the other caddies were sat around playing card games. Once the novel was completed, Ellroy quickly found an agent who sold the manuscript to Avon for $3,500. Brown’s Requiem was published in 1981, and upon publication Ellroy changed his first name and moved across country to Eastchester, New York, where he continued his writing career while working as a caddy at the Wykagl Country Club. As Ellroy explained in an interview with Craig McDonald, when changing his name he chose the name James from the pseudonym ‘James Brady’ which his father had used. ‘It’s just a simple name that goes well with “Ellroy.”’
Lee Earle Ellroy officially ceased to exist. James Ellroy would become one of the greatest American crime writers.
Conversations with James Ellroy is available to buy on Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.com.
James Ellroy on the Rodney King Scandal
Conversations with James Ellroy features three previously unpublished interviews that I have conducted with Ellroy. In my first interview with Ellroy, I quickly found him to be gentlemanly and very pleasant, occasionally displaying flashes of the eccentricity readers have come to associate with his Demon Dog persona. Ellroy is an eloquent speaker, but he shocks his listener by inserting or interrupting his intellectual assessments with idiosyncratic, sometimes foul-mouthed urban speech patterns. Ellroy can be combative in conversations, and he is not afraid to express controversial opinions. When I asked him if there was any contradiction between his portrayal of corruption in the LAPD of the 1940s and 1950s in his LA Quartet novels, and his present amicable relationship and high regard for the LAPD, to my surprise, he came out with a vigorous and convincing defence of the LAPD Officers involved in the Rodney King beating.
On March 2, 1991, Rodney King was driving on the Foothill Freeway in the Greater Los Angeles area. He had been drinking and was over the legal limit, two police officers spotted the car speeding and gave chase. When King finally stopped the vehicle there were five police officers at the scene. The two passengers in King’s car were taken into custody without incident, but King resisted arrest. In their efforts to restrain him, the officers shot King with a taser, hit him with their batons and kicked him. The incident was caught on tape by a citizen who just happened to be in the area, and when the video was seen by the public it caused outrage at the apparent police brutality. None of the police were found guilty of using excessive force at the subsequent trial, and news of their acquittal sparked the 1992 Los Angeles riots in which 53 people were killed.
You can read Ellroy comments from the interview which pertain to Rodney King below:
Interviewer: Would you say that current, or moderately current LAPD scandals like Rodney King or O.J. Simpson are more beyond the pale compared to the good work the LAPD does in the majority?
Ellroy: Well a couple of things. First of all, I wouldn’t call O.J. Simpson a scandal, it’s just, it’s not even a botched murder case—it’s a bad acquittal. And the second thing, Rampart wasn’t much of a scandal when truly dissected. Same thing with Rodney King if you see the entire three-minute tape. The fifty-six hammer blows that put Rodney on the ground, and the contact slash don’t look good, but moment to moment the entire three minute tape leads me to say, and I realize this is revolutionary, I don’t think they did anything wrong. There’s a moment when one of the policeman, and it might have been interestingly enough a man named Powell, kicked Rodney King in the head, which was the only out-of-line and out of policy thing that they did. Yeah he attacked Stacy Koon. The other people in the car were led to safety. He kept attacking: he took a taser, he kept getting up, getting up, getting up. He’s six foot five, two hundred and fifty pounds, and on angeldust, and you don’t engage people like that in one-on-one fights. And I think it was an aesthetic call that people made: they could either see this in the context of white racism and police corruption or overall police misconduct, or they could see it in a more localized context, which in this case, I think, is also a more broader context—that these are the exigent factors of police work, ad hoc, day to day. And you can’t let angeldust-addled shitbergs drive around at one hundred and ten miles an hour on the freeway, where they will kill people: interdict and suppress them. It doesn’t look good, the footage a million people have seen, many millions of people have seen. In a larger context, it reveals itself to be something entirely different, and so pointing to these things, and Rampart’s a crock of shit, and accepting them as historical fact is very dangerous and specious. And so what I’m morally obligated to do with interviewers is try to give them a different view of these speciously alleged facts.
Reading Ellroy’s comments I am struck by how cogently he argues his position, but it does not shake my belief that the police involved used excessive, even criminal force. Still, Ellroy has studied the case in far more detail than I have, and I grew up with a cultural understanding of the events which is in danger of seeing things out of context. For instance, I first saw the beating on video during the opening credits of Spike Lee’s Malcolm X (1992), a highly manipulative piece of filmmaking considering Malcolm X died nearly thirty years before the incident took place. However, I’ve pasted the video below and watching it again it is undeniably brutal and harrowing.
Conversations with James Ellroy is available to buy on Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.com.
Conversations with James Ellroy
Conversations with James Ellroy, which I have edited for University of Mississippi Press’ Literary Conversations series, is released this month. The book is a collection of interviews which James Ellroy has given over the course of his literary career. I am very proud of the book, which I think will be of great interest to James Ellroy and crime fiction fans everywhere, and over the coming weeks I shall be posting on this blog some articles about the book. Conversations with James Ellroy is available to buy on Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk. In the meantime here is the jacket cover and synopsis of the book:
“Morality in literature is largely the expositing of moral acts and their consequences, the karmic price of the perpetrators of the immoral acts, for having committed them.”
As a novelist who has spent years crafting and refining his intense and oft outrageous “Demon Dog of American Crime Fiction” persona, James Ellroy has used interviews as a means of shaping narratives outside of his novels. Conversations with James Ellroy covers a series of interviews given by Ellroy from 1984 to 2010, in which Ellroy discusses his literary contribution and his public and private image.
Born Lee Earle Ellroy in 1948, James Ellroy is one of the most critically acclaimed and controversial contemporary writers of crime and historical fiction. Ellroy’s complex narratives, which merge history and fiction, have pushed the boundaries of the crime fiction genre: American Tabloid, a revisionist look at the Kennedy era, was Time magazine’s Novel of the Year 1995, and his novels L.A. Confidential and The Black Dahlia were adapted into films. Much of Ellroy’s remarkable life story has served as the template for the personal obsessions that dominate his writing. From the brutal, unsolved murder of his mother, to his descent into alcohol and drug abuse, his sexual voyeurism, and his stints at the Los Angeles County Jail, Ellroy has lived through a series of hellish experiences that few other writers could claim.
In Conversations with James Ellroy, Ellroy talks extensively about his life, his literary influences, his persona, and his attitudes towards politics and religion. In interviews with fellow crime writers Craig McDonald, David Peace, and others, including several previously unpublished interviews, Ellroy is at turns charismatic and eloquent, combative and enigmatic.
Strange Bedfellows: Politicians and their Favourite Crime Novels
Houses of Parliament
A recent article in the Telegraph listed some of the books President Barack Obama is said to have read. His reading list includes several high brow titles, but I was pleased to discover the President also appears to be a fan of crime fiction. Obama has read both The Way Home (2009) by George Pelecanos and The Bayou Trilogy (2011) by Daniel Woodrell. If Obama can be considered as a fan of crime fiction then he is following in the footsteps of President Bill Clinton who named Walter Mosley as one of his favourite writers. Clinton was also photographed on Air Force One holding a copy of Dennis Lehane’s Prayers for Rain (1999), a relatively minor incident which led to a huge increase in sales of Lehane’s work. President Kennedy regarded Ian Fleming’s From Russia With Love (1957) as one of his favourite novels, and also appears to have admired Richard Condon’s The Manchurian Candidate (1959). When Frank Sinatra informed JFK his next film was an adaptation of Condon’s novel, the President replied “Great, who plays the mother?”
If any readers can think of any other politicians who love crime (fiction that is!), please share them in the comment thread.
Bond Actors at their Best
This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of the James Bond films. There have already been several enjoyable tributes, with doubtless more to come throughout the year, as well as the release of the twenty-third Bond film Skyfall. As a self-confessed Bond addict I have compiled together a little tribute to showcase some of the best moments of the six actors who have played James Bond (in the official series). All of the videos have been uploaded by Bond fans onto YouTube and some will only partially embed, but if you click on the link it will take you straight to the site where the videos can be watched. Enjoy!
By 1962 when the first Bond film was released, the character of James Bond had already become iconic, due to the success of Ian Fleming’s novels, so it was important the producers found the right actor for the part. Sean Connery must have seemed like a risky choice as he was at that time relatively unknown. However, Connery soon dispelled any doubts with his portrayal of Bond as a fearless, ruthless and darkly charming secret agent. Connery’s success set the standard by which all other actors in the role have been judged. Bond’s introduction in the first film Dr No was vital to establishing the right tone for the character, and Connery pulls it off with aplomb. The clip below shows Connery’s first scene as Bond, playing Baccarat with the alluring Sylvia Trench:
George Lazenby’s stint as James Bond was limited to one film and has been much maligned. Replacing Connery was always going to be a difficult task and the producers decided on another unknown, but unlike Connery, Lazenby had no real acting experience and it shows. However, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service will be remembered as the film which showed Bond’s human side when after years of womanising the spy finally falls in love and marries, only for it to end in tragedy:
Roger Moore’s tenure as Bond seems to divide fans and critics alike. Personally, I’ve always liked Moore who holds the record as the longest serving Bond playing the character in seven films over twelve years. Below is a clip of one of the most inventive and thrilling scenes in the series taken from Live and Let Die. It’s not just super-villains Bond has had to deal with over the years, it’s also their pet sharks, snakes or in this case crocodiles! Just spare a thought for the stunt man who had to do this scene five times!
Timothy Dalton was perhaps the most distinguished actor to play Bond. He researched the role carefully, immersing himself in Fleming’s novels and giving a darker and grittier portrayal of the spy in his two films. Sometimes criticised for being stiff and humourless, this airplane fight scene from The Living Daylights proves the Bond films could still be tough without compromising on the ingenuity and inventiveness:
Pierce Brosnan deserves credit for rescuing the series after a six-year hiatus. He was the first actor to play Bond after the end of the Cold War and the films successfully modernised Bond’s image. In the scene below, taken from Goldeneye, Bond spars with the first female M, played brilliantly by Judi Dench:
After the disastrous Die Another Day, Daniel Craig was the first actor to play Bond in a reboot of the series. Before Craig’s debut in Casino Royale, there had been occasional attempts at continuity in several of the films, such as references to Bond’s brief marriage, which suggested that all of the actors were playing the same Bond. Casino Royale dispenses with this concept to be essentially an ‘origin story’ of how Bond earned his licence to kill double 00 status. Craig plays Bond appropriately as a young, cocky and obstreperous spy who gradually learns his craft the hard way and falls for the enigmatic Vesper Lynd along the way. This clip is from the conclusion of the card game at the titular Casino Royale:
Raymond Chandler on the Albert Anastasia Murder
Albert Anastasia Murder
Dick Dedrick’s excellent audio documentary Private Eyes: Chandler & Marlowe ends with a recording of Raymond Chandler’s July 1958 interview with Ian Fleming. At this late stage of his life, Chandler was widowed, depressed and drunk, but consented to the interview out of his respect for Fleming who held him in equally high regard. It is a sometimes difficult interview to listen to, with Chandler slurring his words and Fleming struggling to keep him focused. However, there are several moments when he shines, such as when Fleming asks Chandler about the recent murder in New York of Albert Anastasia, Boss of the Gambino Crime Family. Anastasia was sitting in the barber chair in the barber shop of the Park Sheraton Hotel when two men rushed in and shot him to death. The motive, it is believed, was an internal power struggle and tensions with the other New York Crime Families. The case was never solved. The photo of Anastasia dead on the barber shop floor became one of the most iconic images in Mafia history.
Below is a transcription of Chandler and Fleming discussing how a Mob murder would be arranged:
Fleming: I see they had another killing last week in New York, one of these men connected with that dock union man, what was his name…
Chandler: Albert Anastasia
Fleming: Anastasia yes. How is a killing like that arranged?
Chandler: Very simply. Do you want me to describe how it’s done?
Fleming: Yes, yes.
Chandler: Well, first of all the Syndicate decides it– has to decide– he must be killed. They don’t want to kill people, it’s bad business nowadays. Then when they make the decision, they telephone to a couple of chaps, say in Minneapolis, who own hardware stores or something or other and have a respectable business front. And these chaps come along to New York, and they’re given their instructions. They are told– they are given a photograph of the man and told what’s known about him, and when they get on a plane, if they have to get on a plane…
Fleming: In Minneapolis?
Chandler: …they’re given guns. No, not in Minneapolis. After they get their instructions they’re given guns. Now these guns are not defaced in any way, but they are guns which have passed through so many hands that the present owners could never be traced. The company could say the first purchaser. So they go to where the man lives, they get an apartment across the street from him or a room, and they study him for days and days and days until they know just exactly when he goes out, when he comes home, what he does, and when they’re ready they simply walk up to him and shoot him. They have to have a crash car: Bugsy Siegel was a great man for a crash car. The crash car is in case a police car should come down the street and accidentally on purpose smashes the police car so the other fellows get away, get back to the plane, go home that’s all there is to it.
Fleming: So they drop their guns at the spot do they?
Chandler: They always drop the guns yes.
Fleming: And wear gloves?
Chandler: How many fingerprints have ever been taken off guns?
Fleming: Yes quite.
Chandler: They hold them by the butt.
Fleming: Yes, quite true. Of course they always appear to take them off in books, but I suspect that because by filing the material on the butt and scratching it well of course you make a rough surface that won’t take any prints at all.
Chandler: No, butts aren’t made that way. They’re made to be rough.
Fleming: How much would they get paid for that each?
Chandler: Ten thousand.
Fleming: Ten thousand each?
Chandler: If it’s an important man. It’s small money to the Syndicate.
Fleming: And then they go back to their jobs in hardware stores in Minneapolis.
Chandler: Yes, it’s quite impersonal. They don’t care anything about the man; they don’t care about his general life. It’s just a job to them. Of course they have to be a certain sort of people or they wouldn’t do it. I mean they’re not like us; we wouldn’t do it.
Fleming: No, it’s a difficult thing to imagine doing.
Chandler: Well, I’ve known people I’d like to shoot.
Fleming: For instance? Anybody in England?
Chandler: No, not in England.
Fleming: What did you want to shoot them for?
Chandler: I just thought they were better dead.
Sadly, Chandler died less than a year after giving this interview. It is apparently the only audio recording that exists of his voice, and although his poor health is all too obvious, I particularly like this part of the interview as showing Chandler at his best. His comments seem insightful yet playful, easily commanding the listener’s attention and ending with a piece of wickedly dry humour.
I have also found the entire interview on YouTube. It will appeal to Chandler and Fleming fans alike. Here’s the link.
The Venetian Vase 